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Football-legal
28
Nov
2025
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Luiz Fernando PIMENTA RIBEIRO
Bernardo FRUCHTENGARTEN
Financial control
Article
International
Football Legal # 23

How Associated Party Transactions and Fair Market Value Assessment Are Redefining Multi-Club Ownership - By Luiz Fernando PIMENTA RIBEIRO & Bernardo FRUCHTENGARTEN


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Introduction


The rise of multi-club ownership (MCO) has quietly reshaped modern football. What began as isolated examples of investors - natural and legal entities - having control of more than one club, mostly raising concerns about competition integrity,[1] has evolved into a structural feature of the sport’s global economy. Networks of clubs now span continents, linked by common ownership, sharing scouting systems and coordinating financial strategies that consolidate talent pipelines and commercial rights across borders. Football, once a sport competition among independent clubs, increasingly resembles a connected market and management ecosystem with powerful corporate groups at the top.

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Topics
  • Financial control
Keywords
  • Financial control
  • Multi-Club Ownership (MCO)
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Authored by
Luiz Fernando PIMENTA RIBEIRO
About Luiz Fernando PIMENTA RIBEIRO
Bernardo FRUCHTENGARTEN
About Bernardo FRUCHTENGARTEN
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